The Fertility Rate of Every Country in the World
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Key Takeaways
- About 71% of the world’s population now lives in countries with birth rates below the replacement level needed to maintain population size.
- China’s fertility rate has fallen to just 1.0 births per woman, while India has also dropped below replacement level at 1.9.
- Sub-Saharan Africa has the world’s highest fertility rates, led by Chad, Somalia, and DR Congo.
Fertility rates are falling across much of the world, dropping from roughly five births per woman in the 1960s to a global average of 2.2 in 2024. The shift is reshaping long-term population growth, economic outlooks, and age demographics worldwide.
This visualization shows the fertility rate of every country and territory alongside its population size. Each segment is sized by population and shaded by fertility rate, revealing where birth rates remain high and where populations are aging rapidly.
The data comes from the United Nations World Population Prospects 2024 Revision, using 2025 medium-variant estimates for both population and fertility.
Most of the World Is Below Replacement Fertility
About 71% of the global population lives in countries or territories with fertility rates below the replacement level of 2.1 births per woman.
Replacement fertility refers to the birth rate needed for a population to maintain its size over time without immigration. Falling below that threshold for long periods can lead to aging populations, labor shortages, and slower economic growth.
Central to this global shift are India and China, the world’s two most populous countries.
The data table below shows population and fertility rates across 236 countries and territories.
| Country | Population (thousands) | Total Fertility Rate (TFR) |
|---|---|---|
| India | 1,460,000 | 1.94 |
| China | 1,420,000 | 1.02 |
| United States | 347,300 | 1.62 |
| Indonesia | 285,700 | 2.10 |
| Pakistan | 255,200 | 3.50 |
| Nigeria | 237,500 | 4.30 |
| Brazil | 212,800 | 1.60 |
| Bangladesh | 175,700 | 2.11 |
| Russia | 144,000 | 1.46 |
| Ethiopia | 135,500 | 3.81 |
| Mexico | 131,900 | 1.87 |
| Japan | 123,100 | 1.23 |
| Egypt | 118,400 | 2.71 |
| Philippines | 116,800 | 1.88 |
| DR Congo | 112,800 | 5.90 |
| Vietnam | 101,600 | 1.88 |
| Iran | 92,400 | 1.67 |
| Turkey | 87,700 | 1.62 |
| Germany | 84,100 | 1.46 |
| Thailand | 71,600 | 1.19 |
| Tanzania | 70,500 | 4.47 |
| United Kingdom | 69,500 | 1.54 |
| France | 66,700 | 1.64 |
| South Africa | 64,800 | 2.19 |
| Italy | 59,100 | 1.21 |
| Kenya | 57,500 | 3.12 |
| Myanmar | 54,900 | 2.08 |
| Colombia | 53,400 | 1.62 |
| South Korea | 51,700 | 0.75 |
| Sudan | 51,700 | 4.19 |
| Uganda | 51,400 | 4.06 |
| Spain | 47,900 | 1.23 |
| Algeria | 47,400 | 2.67 |
| Iraq | 47,000 | 3.17 |
| Argentina | 45,900 | 1.50 |
| Afghanistan | 43,800 | 4.66 |
| Yemen | 41,800 | 4.41 |
| Canada | 40,100 | 1.33 |
| Angola | 39,000 | 4.95 |
| Ukraine | 39,000 | 1.00 |
| Morocco | 38,400 | 2.18 |
| Poland | 38,100 | 1.31 |
| Uzbekistan | 37,000 | 3.45 |
| Malaysia | 36,000 | 1.53 |
| Mozambique | 35,600 | 4.62 |
| Ghana | 35,100 | 3.30 |
| Peru | 34,600 | 1.94 |
| Saudi Arabia | 34,600 | 2.29 |
| Madagascar | 32,700 | 3.84 |
| Ivory Coast | 32,700 | 4.17 |
| Cameroon | 29,900 | 4.19 |
| Nepal | 29,600 | 1.94 |
| Venezuela | 28,500 | 2.06 |
| Niger | 27,900 | 5.79 |
| Australia | 27,000 | 1.64 |
| Dem. People's Republic of Korea | 26,600 | 1.77 |
| Syria | 25,600 | 2.66 |
| Mali | 25,200 | 5.42 |
| Burkina Faso | 24,100 | 4.00 |
| Sri Lanka | 23,200 | 1.94 |
| Taiwan | 23,100 | 0.86 |
| Malawi | 22,200 | 3.53 |
| Zambia | 21,900 | 3.97 |
| Chad | 21,000 | 5.94 |
| Kazakhstan | 20,800 | 2.95 |
| Chile | 19,900 | 1.13 |
| Somalia | 19,600 | 5.91 |
| Senegal | 18,900 | 3.71 |
| Romania | 18,900 | 1.71 |
| Guatemala | 18,700 | 2.26 |
| Netherlands | 18,400 | 1.44 |
| Ecuador | 18,300 | 1.79 |
| Cambodia | 17,900 | 2.51 |
| Zimbabwe | 16,900 | 3.62 |
| Guinea | 15,100 | 4.04 |
| Benin | 14,800 | 4.42 |
| Rwanda | 14,600 | 3.59 |
| Burundi | 14,400 | 4.68 |
| Bolivia | 12,600 | 2.50 |
| Tunisia | 12,300 | 1.80 |
| South Sudan | 12,200 | 3.71 |
| Haiti | 11,900 | 2.59 |
| Belgium | 11,800 | 1.39 |
| Jordan | 11,500 | 2.57 |
| Dominican Republic | 11,500 | 2.19 |
| United Arab Emirates | 11,300 | 1.21 |
| Honduras | 11,000 | 2.45 |
| Cuba | 10,900 | 1.45 |
| Tajikistan | 10,800 | 2.99 |
| Papua New Guinea | 10,800 | 3.03 |
| Sweden | 10,700 | 1.44 |
| Czechia | 10,600 | 1.47 |
| Portugal | 10,400 | 1.52 |
| Azerbaijan | 10,400 | 1.66 |
| Greece | 9,900 | 1.34 |
| Togo | 9,700 | 4.07 |
| Hungary | 9,600 | 1.50 |
| Israel | 9,500 | 2.75 |
| Austria | 9,100 | 1.33 |
| Belarus | 9,000 | 1.22 |
| Switzerland | 9,000 | 1.44 |
| Sierra Leone | 8,800 | 3.61 |
| Laos | 7,900 | 2.36 |
| Turkmenistan | 7,600 | 2.63 |
| Libya | 7,500 | 2.25 |
| Hong Kong | 7,400 | 0.74 |
| Kyrgyzstan | 7,300 | 2.75 |
| Paraguay | 7,000 | 2.39 |
| Nicaragua | 7,000 | 2.18 |
| Bulgaria | 6,700 | 1.74 |
| Serbia | 6,700 | 1.50 |
| Congo | 6,500 | 4.05 |
| El Salvador | 6,400 | 1.75 |
| Denmark | 6,000 | 1.52 |
| Singapore | 5,900 | 0.96 |
| Lebanon | 5,800 | 2.21 |
| Liberia | 5,700 | 3.79 |
| Finland | 5,600 | 1.30 |
| Norway | 5,600 | 1.42 |
| Palestine | 5,600 | 3.19 |
| Central African Republic | 5,500 | 5.81 |
| Oman | 5,500 | 2.48 |
| Slovakia | 5,500 | 1.57 |
| Mauritania | 5,300 | 4.56 |
| Ireland | 5,300 | 1.60 |
| New Zealand | 5,200 | 1.65 |
| Costa Rica | 5,200 | 1.31 |
| Kuwait | 5,000 | 1.50 |
| Panama | 4,600 | 2.09 |
| Croatia | 3,900 | 1.47 |
| Georgia | 3,800 | 1.79 |
| Eritrea | 3,600 | 3.61 |
| Mongolia | 3,500 | 2.58 |
| Uruguay | 3,400 | 1.39 |
| Puerto Rico | 3,200 | 0.94 |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | 3,100 | 1.50 |
| Qatar | 3,100 | 1.70 |
| Namibia | 3,100 | 3.17 |
| Moldova | 3,000 | 1.72 |
| Armenia | 3,000 | 1.71 |
| Jamaica | 2,800 | 1.34 |
| Lithuania | 2,800 | 1.22 |
| Gambia | 2,800 | 3.80 |
| Albania | 2,800 | 1.33 |
| Gabon | 2,600 | 3.54 |
| Botswana | 2,600 | 2.66 |
| Lesotho | 2,400 | 2.64 |
| Guinea-Bissau | 2,200 | 3.68 |
| Slovenia | 2,100 | 1.58 |
| Equatorial Guinea | 1,900 | 4.04 |
| Latvia | 1,900 | 1.35 |
| North Macedonia | 1,800 | 1.47 |
| Kosovo (under UNSC res. 1244) | 1,700 | 1.53 |
| Bahrain | 1,600 | 1.78 |
| Trinidad and Tobago | 1,500 | 1.52 |
| Timor-Leste | 1,400 | 2.56 |
| Cyprus | 1,400 | 1.37 |
| Estonia | 1,300 | 1.37 |
| Mauritius | 1,300 | 1.21 |
| Eswatini | 1,300 | 2.68 |
| Djibouti | 1,200 | 2.58 |
| Fiji | 930 | 2.25 |
| Comoros | 880 | 3.76 |
| Réunion | 880 | 2.13 |
| Solomon Islands | 840 | 3.47 |
| Guyana | 840 | 2.37 |
| Bhutan | 800 | 1.44 |
| Macao | 720 | 0.69 |
| Luxembourg | 680 | 1.40 |
| Suriname | 640 | 2.21 |
| Montenegro | 630 | 1.80 |
| Western Sahara | 600 | 2.15 |
| Malta | 550 | 1.11 |
| Maldives | 530 | 1.55 |
| Cape Verde | 530 | 1.50 |
| Brunei | 470 | 1.71 |
| Belize | 420 | 2.01 |
| Bahamas | 400 | 1.36 |
| Iceland | 400 | 1.50 |
| Guadeloupe | 370 | 2.05 |
| Martinique | 340 | 1.97 |
| Mayotte | 340 | 4.50 |
| Vanuatu | 340 | 3.53 |
| French Guiana | 310 | 3.29 |
| New Caledonia | 300 | 1.95 |
| Barbados | 280 | 1.70 |
| French Polynesia | 280 | 1.48 |
| Sao Tome and Principe | 240 | 3.53 |
| Samoa | 220 | 3.75 |
| Curacao | 190 | 1.07 |
| St. Lucia | 180 | 1.38 |
| Guam | 170 | 2.71 |
| Kiribati | 140 | 3.09 |
| Seychelles | 130 | 2.08 |
| Grenada | 120 | 1.46 |
| Micronesia | 110 | 2.71 |
| Aruba | 110 | 1.61 |
| Jersey | 100 | 1.38 |
| Tonga | 100 | 3.07 |
| St. Vincent & Grenadines | 100 | 1.75 |
| Antigua and Barbuda | 90 | 1.58 |
| United States Virgin Islands | 80 | 2.07 |
| Isle of Man | 80 | 1.53 |
| Andorra | 80 | 1.10 |
| Cayman Islands | 80 | 1.51 |
| Dominica | 70 | 1.47 |
| Bermuda | 60 | 1.41 |
| Guernsey | 60 | 1.37 |
| Faroe Islands | 60 | 2.20 |
| Greenland | 60 | 1.91 |
| St. Kitts & Nevis | 50 | 1.51 |
| Turks and Caicos Islands | 50 | 1.44 |
| American Samoa | 50 | 2.25 |
| Sint Maarten | 40 | 1.43 |
| Northern Mariana Islands | 40 | 2.28 |
| Liechtenstein | 40 | 1.54 |
| Gibraltar | 40 | 1.88 |
| British Virgin Islands | 40 | 1.06 |
| Monaco | 40 | 2.09 |
| Marshall Islands | 40 | 2.82 |
| San Marino | 30 | 1.16 |
| Bonaire | 30 | 1.45 |
| Saint Martin (French part) | 20 | 2.63 |
| Palau | 20 | 1.86 |
| Anguilla | 10 | 1.35 |
| Cook Islands | 10 | 2.00 |
| Nauru | 10 | 3.25 |
| St. Barthélemy | 10 | 0.83 |
| Wallis & Futuna | 10 | 1.40 |
| Tuvalu | 10 | 3.14 |
| Saint Pierre and Miquelon | 10 | 1.28 |
| St. Helena | 10 | 1.64 |
| Montserrat | 0 | 1.45 |
| Falkland Islands | 0 | 1.69 |
| Tokelau | 0 | 2.57 |
| Niue | 0 | 2.46 |
India’s fertility rate sits at 1.94, while China’s is much lower at 1.02 due in part to its one-child policy, which was enforced from 1980–2015. Despite policy reversals and birth subsidies, no country that experienced a fertility decline as steep as China’s has fully recovered.
Fertility Trends Divided Among the Largest Populations
Among the world’s 10 largest populations, six are below replacement fertility. Alongside India and China, the U.S., Indonesia, Brazil, and Russia all fall below 2.1 births per woman.
Conversely, several of the world’s most populous countries remain well above replacement. Pakistan has a fertility rate of 3.50, Nigeria sits at 4.30, and Ethiopia at 3.81.
Future global population growth is increasingly concentrated in a smaller number of high-fertility countries, particularly across Sub-Saharan Africa and parts of South Asia.
Sub-Saharan Africa Has the World’s Highest Fertility
Overall, the highest fertility rates in the dataset are found in Sub-Saharan Africa, where the population-weighted fertility rate is about four. Chad (5.94 births per woman), Somalia (5.91), and DR Congo (5.90) recorded the region’s highest fertility rates in 2025.
Sub-Saharan Africa is expected to drive most of the world’s net population growth through 2100, with Nigeria alone projected to surpass the U.S. in population before 2050.
These countries stand in sharp contrast to places with very low fertility. Macao has the lowest fertility rate in the dataset at 0.69, followed by Hong Kong at 0.74 and South Korea at 0.75.
The gap between the world’s highest- and lowest-fertility countries is now historically wide, highlighting how uneven demographic change has become across regions.
Learn More on the Voronoi App
If you enjoyed today’s post, check out Comparing Fertility Rates Across the Western World on Voronoi.