Written By Govind Bhutada
Graphics & Design
- Athul Alexander
Published March 6, 2023
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Updated March 5, 2023
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The following content is sponsored by IperionX
Asia’s Dominance in the Titanium Supply Chain
Titanium is a unique metal with important applications in defense, aerospace, automotives, and medicine.
But before making it into all its end uses, titanium goes through a complex supply chain that involves both geopolitical and environmental challenges.
This infographic sponsored by IperionX explores the titanium supply chain and highlights the countries that dominate it.
The Stages of Titanium Production
Titanium’s end-to-end production process typically involves five steps:
- Mineral extractionThe minerals ilmenite and rutile are the primary feedstocks for titanium production. These minerals are partly composed of titanium dioxide, which is later refined into titanium metal.
- Sponge metal productionIlmenite and rutile are refined into titanium sponge using the Kroll refining process.
- Ingots and melted productsTitanium sponge is melted into ingots and other melted products.
- Mill productsFinished products like bars, sheets, and tubes are manufactured from ingots. This process typically generates large amounts of machining scrap.
- ScrapScrap or waste accounts for large material losses in the supply chain. The current scrap recirculation rate is less than 70%.
The Kroll process of refining titanium minerals to produce sponge metal is an 80-year-old method that involves high energy use and carbon emissions. It’s also heavily dependent on a few countries, primarily in Asia.
The Titanium Supply Chain
The mineral ilmenite accounts for 90% of all titanium mineral consumption. The other feedstock, rutile, is only mined on a small scale.
Here’s a look at the 10 largest ilmenite and rutile producers in 2021:
| Country | 2021 titanium minerals production (tonnes of titanium dioxide content) |
% of Total |
|---|---|---|
| China | 3,400,000 | 36% |
| Mozambique | 1,108,000 | 12% |
| South Africa | 995,000 | 10% |
| Australia | 790,000 | 8% |
| Canada | 430,000 | 5% |
| Norway | 468,000 | 5% |
| Ukraine | 411,000 | 4% |
| Senegal | 491,000 | 5% |
| Madagascar | 414,000 | 4% |
| Kenya | 253,000 | 3% |
| Other | 740,000 | 8% |
| Total (rounded) | 9,500,000 | 100% |
China takes up the lion’s share of titanium mineral production at 36%. It produces three times as much of the minerals as Mozambique, the second-largest producer. Meanwhile, the U.S. is grouped with other countries with just 100,000 tonnes in annual production.
Besides titanium mineral extraction, China also dominates the next stage of the supply chain with 57% of global titanium sponge production:
| Country | Titanium sponge production (tonnes) | % of Total |
|---|---|---|
| China | 120,000 | 57% |
| Japan | 35,000 | 17% |
| Russia | 27,000 | 13% |
| Kazakhstan | 16,000 | 8% |
| Ukraine | 5,400 | 3% |
| Saudi Arabia | 3,700 | 2% |
| U.S.* | 500 | 0.20% |
| India | 250 | 0.10% |
| Total (rounded) | 210,000 | 100% |
*Represents production capacity for high purity specialty sponge, not available for commercial applications.
Between 2011 and 2021, China expanded its titanium sponge production capacity by 55%. Over the same period, U.S. production capacity almost declined completely, down 98%.
As a result of the lack of domestic production, the U.S. is now heavily reliant on foreign sources of titanium.
Short Supply: Titanium in the U.S.
Around 90% of U.S. titanium consumption is met by net imports, with most of it coming from Japan.
The U.S. uses titanium metal in various sectors, including defense, aerospace, electronics, and transport. With the demand for titanium projected to grow, a domestic titanium supply chain can help the U.S. become independent of imports.
IperionX is a U.S. metals technology company focused on developing the world’s first 100% recycled, low-cost, low-carbon titanium supply chain.
>>>Interested in learning more about IperionX’s titanium production technology? Click here to learn more now.
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Related Topics: #china #mining #titanium #metals #united states #national security #IperionX #titanium supply chain #Critical Mineral
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