Clinical studies have found that MDMA (otherwise known as ecstasy or molly) can benefit people suffering from PTSD symptoms. Researchers have also found that the psychedelic drug speeds up the extinction of the conditioned fear response in mice. Psypost.org reports: But Matthew Young of Emory University and his colleagues wanted to understand the psychological mechanism behind these results. “Given that reported improvements in PTSD symptoms following MDMA-assisted psychotherapy last for years after the intervention, we hypothesized that acute MDMA affects fear learning and molecular memory processes important in extinguishing conditioned fear responses,” the researchers said. The study, published in the journal Translational Psychiatry, was based on Pavlovian conditioning and extinction. “This is a useful model for understanding the learning and memory processes required for long-term recovery from PTSD because it resembles exposure-based therapy, wherein repeated exposure to a fear-eliciting stimulus or memory promotes a reduced fear response to future reminders of the trauma,” Young and his colleagues explained. The researchers paired a neutral stimulus (a tone) with an adverse stimulus (a mild foot shock). Eventually, the mice learned to associate the tone with the shock, and would become afraid and freeze upon hearing the sound. Two days later, the researchers exposed [...]